@Article{AbernethyAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCDDDEJLLGDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDEEEEEFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGGGGGGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHHHHHHRHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIIIJJJJJJJJJJJJJKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMLLLLLLLLLLLLLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNOOOOOPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPQRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSSSSJSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSWSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTVVVVVVVVVVVVVVWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWXYYYYZZZZZZZZZGHLMRSSVM:2018:StCl20,
author = "Abernethy, R. and Ackerman, S. A. and Adler, R. and Albanil
Encarnaci{\'o}n, A. and Aldeco, L. S. and Alfaro, E. J. and
Aliaga-Nestares, V. and Allan, R. P. and Allan, R. and Alves,
Lincoln Muniz and Amador, J. A. and Anderson, J. and Andreassen,
L. M. and Arg{\"u}ez, A. and Armitage, C. and Arndt, D. S. and
Avalos, G. and Azorin-Molina, C. and B{\'a}ez, J. and Bardin, M.
Yu. and Barichivich, J. and Baringer, M. O. and Barreira, S. and
Baxter, S. and Beck, H. E. and Becker, A. and Bedka, K. M. and
Behe, C. and Bell, G. D. and Bellouin, N. and Belmont, M. and
Benedetti, A. and Bernhard, G. H. and Berrisford, P. and Berry, D.
I. and Bhatt, U. S. and Bissolli, P. and Bjerke, J. and Blake, E.
S. and Blenkinsop, S. and Blunden, J. and Bolmgren, K. and
Bosilovich, M. G. and Boucher, O. and Bouchon, M. and Box, J. E.
and Boyer, T. and Braathen, G. O. and Bromwich, D. H. and Brown,
R. and Buehler, S. and Bulygina, O. N. and Burgess, D. and
Calder{\'o}n, B. and Camargo, S. J. and Campbell, E. C. and
Campbell, J. D. and Cappelen, J. and Carrea, L. and Carter, B. R.
and Castro, A. and Chambers, D. P. and Cheng, L. and Christiansen,
H. H. and Christy, J. R. and Chung, E. -S. and Clem, K. R. and
Coelho, Caio Augusto dos Santos and Coldewey-Egbers, M. and
Colwell, S. and Cooper, O. R. and Copland, L. and Costanza, C. and
Covey, C. and Coy, L. and Cronin, T. and Crouch, J. and Cruzado,
L. and Daniel, R. and Davis, S. M. and Davletshin, S. G. and De
Eyto, E. and De Jeu, R. A. M. and De La Cour, J. L. and De Laat,
J. and De Gasperi, C. L. and Degenstein, D. and Deline, P. and
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Di Girolamo, L. and Diamond, H. J. and Dickerson, C. and
Dlugokencky, E. J. and Dohan, K. and Dokulil, M. T. and Dolman, A.
J. and Domingues, C. M. and Domingues, R. and Donat, M. G. and
Dong, S. and Dorigo, W. A. and Drozdov, D. S. and Dunn, R. J. H.
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affiliation = "{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and
{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {} and {}
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Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
title = "State of the climate in 2017",
journal = "Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society",
year = "2018",
volume = "99",
number = "8",
pages = "Si-S310",
note = "{cited By 0}",
keywords = "Atmospheric temperature, Bleaching, Carbon dioxide, Cleaning,
Fires, Floods, Global warming, Greenhouse gases, Hurricanes,
Nitrogen oxides, Rain, Satellites, Sea ice, Sea level, Storms,
Surface properties, Surface waters, Tropics, Carbon dioxide
concentrations, Eastern equatorial Pacific, Increasing
temperatures, Land surface temperature, Lower stratospheric
temperature, Sea surface temperature (SST), Tropical cyclone
records, Tropospheric temperature, Growth rate.",
abstract = "In 2017, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's
atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-reached new
record highs. The annual global average carbon dioxide
concentration at Earth's surface for 2017 was 405.0 ± 0.1 ppm, 2.2
ppm greater than for 2016 and the highest in the modern
atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back
as far as 800 000 years. The global growth rate of CO2 has nearly
quadrupled since the early 1960s. With ENSO-neutral conditions
present in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean during
most of the year and weak La Niña conditions notable at the start
and end, the global temperature across land and ocean surfaces
ranked as the second or third highest, depending on the dataset,
since records began in the mid-to-late 1800s. Notably, it was the
warmest non-El Niño year in the instrumental record. Above Earth's
surface, the annual lower tropospheric temperature was also either
second or third highest according to all datasets analyzed. The
lower stratospheric temperature was about 0.2°C higher than the
record cold temperature of 2016 according to most of the in situ
and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Argentina,
Uruguay, Spain, and Bulgaria, reported record high annual
temperatures. Mexico broke its annual record for the fourth
consecutive year. On 27 January, the temperature reached 43.4°C at
Puerto Madryn, Argentina-the highest temperature recorded so far
south (43°S) anywhere in the world. On 28 May in Turbat, western
Pakistan, the high of 53.5°C tied Pakistan's all-time highest
temperature and became the world-record highest temperature for
May. In the Arctic, the 2017 land surface temperature was 1.6°C
above the 1981-2010 average, the second highest since the record
began in 1900, behind only 2016. The five highest annual Arctic
temperatures have all occurred since 2007. Exceptionally high
temperatures were observed in the permafrost across the Arctic,
with record values reported in much of Alaska and northwestern
Canada. In August, high sea surface temperature (SST) records were
broken for the Chukchi Sea, with some regions as warm as +11°C, or
3° to 4°C warmer than the longterm mean (1982-present). According
to paleoclimate studies, today's abnormally warm Arctic air and
SSTs have not been observed in the last 2000 years. The increasing
temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and
thickness. On 7 March, sea ice extent at the end of the growth
season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record,
covering 8% less area than the 1981-2010 average. The Arctic sea
ice minimum on 13 September was the eighth lowest on record and
covered 25% less area than the long-term mean. Preliminary data
indicate that glaciers across the world lost mass for the 38th
consecutive year on record; the declines are remarkably consistent
from region to region. Cumulatively since 1980, this loss is
equivalent to slicing 22 meters off the top of the average
glacier. Antarctic sea ice extent remained below average for all
of 2017, with record lows during the first four months. Over the
continent, the austral summer seasonal melt extent and melt index
were the second highest since 2005, mostly due to strong positive
anomalies of air temperature over most of the West Antarctic
coast. In contrast, the East Antarctic Plateau saw record low mean
temperatures in March. The year was also distinguished by the
second smallest Antarctic ozone hole observed since 1988. Across
the global oceans, the overall long-term SST warming trend
remained strong. Although SST cooled slightly from 2016 to 2017,
the last three years produced the three highest annual values
observed; these high anomalies have been associated with
widespread coral bleaching. The most recent global coral bleaching
lasted three full years, June 2014 to May 2017, and was the
longest, most widespread, and almost certainly most destructive
such event on record. Global integrals of 0-700-m and 0-2000-m
ocean heat content reached record highs in 2017, and global mean
sea level during the year became the highest annual average in the
25-year satellite altimetry record, rising to 77 mm above the 1993
average. In the tropics, 2017 saw 85 named tropical storms,
slightly above the 1981-2010 average of 82. The North Atlantic
basin was the only basin that featured an above-normal season, its
seventh most active in the 164-year record. Three hurricanes in
the basin were especially notable. Harvey produced record rainfall
totals in areas of Texas and Louisiana, including a storm total of
1538.7 mm near Beaumont, Texas, which far exceeds the previous
known U.S. tropical cyclone record of 1320.8 mm. Irma was the
strongest tropical cyclone globally in 2017 and the strongest
Atlantic hurricane outside of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean on
record with maximum winds of 295 km h-1. Maria caused catastrophic
destruction across the Caribbean Islands, including devastating
wind damage and flooding across Puerto Rico. Elsewhere, the
western North Pacific, South Indian, and Australian basins were
all particularly quiet. Precipitation over global land areas in
2017 was clearly above the long-term average. Among noteworthy
regional precipitation records in 2017, Russia reported its second
wettest year on record (after 2013) and Norway experienced its
sixth wettest year since records began in 1900. Across India,
heavy rain and flood-related incidents during the monsoon season
claimed around 800 lives. In August and September, above-normal
precipitation triggered the most devastating floods in more than a
decade in the Venezuelan states of Bol{\'{\i}}var and Delta
Amacuro. In Nigeria, heavy rain during August and September caused
the Niger and Benue Rivers to overflow, bringing floods that
displaced more than 100 000 people. Global fire activity was the
lowest since at least 2003; however, high activity occurred in
parts of North America, South America, and Europe, with an
unusually long season in Spain and Portugal, which had their
second and third driest years on record, respectively. Devastating
fires impacted British Columbia, destroying 1.2 million hectares
of timber, bush, and grassland, due in part to the region's driest
summer on record. In the United States, an extreme western
wildfire season burned over 4 million hectares; the total costs of
18 billion tripled the previous U.S. annual wildfire cost record
set in 1991.",
issn = "0003-0007",
label = "iso2018-10-10",
language = "en",
targetfile = "StateoftheClimate2017_lowres.pdf",
url = "https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85053681754\&partnerID=40\&md5=774452a028c9691b374d18f3aa24b0b3",
urlaccessdate = "27 abr. 2024"
}